Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine how team sport athletes in sports perceived relations between empathy, coach-athlete relationship, team efficacy and athlete burnout. This study also investigate the mediating effects of coach-athlete relationship and team efficacy on th relations between empathy and athlete burnout. Methods: For this study, 345(male: 222 and female: 123) team sport athletes competed surveys to measure their perception of empathy, coach-athlete relationship, team efficacy and athlete burnout. SPSS 26.0 was used to calculate descriptive statistics, reliability, and correlations. Amos 24.0 was utilized for confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and structural equation modeling. Additionally, specific indirect effect was estimated by creating a phantom variable, and 2000 bootstrap samples were requested for the mediation effect analysis. Results: First, empathy was positively predictive of coach-athlete relationship. Second, coach-athlete relationship positively influenced team efficacy. Third, empathy was positively predictive of team efficacy. Forth, coach-athlete relationship was negatively affected athlete burnout. Fifty, empathy was negatively affected athlete burnout. Sixth, team efficacy was negatively affected athlete burnout. Lastly, there were partial mediating effects of team efficacy on the relationship between empathy and athlete burnout. Conclusion: The study found that provide meaningful information in terms of team sport athletes’ growth and team success. Furthermore, it will provide fundamental information to strengthen the attitudes and beliefs of athletes and transform them into an effective team.

Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to provide evidence for validity and reliability of tablet-based Korean versions of sport psychological measurement (psychological skills, competition anxiety, performance profiling technique). Methods: A total of 113 athletes of 7 sports (handball, archery, baseball, volleyball, basketball, soccer, and shooting) responded to the sport psychological measurement using paper and tablet, and 78 athletes participated in the retest session using only tablet devices. Paper-based test data were collected to verify the validity of tablet-based sport psychological measurement, and a 1-week interval test-retest using tablet device was conducted to verify reliability. Results: The correlation between the paper- and tablet-based test for TOPS-2, SCAT, and IZOF performance profiling technique showed high positive correlation for most factors, securing validity. Second, the TOPS-2, SCAT, and IZOF performance profile scores of tablet-based tests showed no average differences in the test-retest results, proving reliability in terms of time stability and showing high correlation, which was interpreted as evidence of reliability. In the case of the IZOF performance profiling, there was an average difference, but the correlation for each factor was high, so it was judged that temporal stability was secured. Conclusion: Although the tablet-based test had a different measurement format, the validity and reliability were demonstrated for the selected sport psychological tests. The results supported practical applicability of the tablet-based measurement in research and consulting situations in sport psychology.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to development and validation of the competitive anxiety questionnaire of soccer players. Methods: For this study, 106 people in the qualitative analysis stage, 291 people in the main investigation stage, 176 people in the stage of securing external validity, and a total of 573 soccer players participated in the study. Qualitative research the data were collected by an open-ended questionnaire and in-depth interview specially designed and quantitative research which is obtained through self-determination the data were analyzed through SPSS 18 and AMOS 20. The results of this study were as follows. Results: Firstly, competition anxiety revealed that the four general dimensions were identified such as cognitive anxiety, performance anxiety, environmental anxiety, and physical anxiety. Secondly, after eliminating 17 items through question analysis, reliability analysis, and exploratory factor analysis, the four factors 24 items of soccer players competitive anxiety were extracted, and through confirmatory factor analysis the conformity index for competitive anxiety tool was checked. Thirdly, The developed soccer player competitive anxiety questionnaire secured external validity through convergence validity, construct equivalence verification and latent mean analysis. Conclusion: It is expected that the soccer players’ competitive anxiety questionnaire is not limited to measuring player’s anxiety, but can provide practical information to promote players’ performance improvement.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of peer motivational climate in the relationship between achievement goal orientation and prosocial and antisocial behavior in collegiate sports clubs. Methods: The design for this study was cross-sectional, 298 college students(64 basketball, 171 soccer, and 63 others) participated in this study, and the collected data were analyzed through the SPSS and AMOS statistical programs. Results: Mediation analyses showed that peer task-involving motivational climate positively mediated the relationship between task-orientation and prosocial behavior. Second, both peer task-involving and ego-involving motivational climate both negatively mediated the relationship between task-orientation and antisocial behavior. Third, peer task-involving motivational climate negatively mediated the relationship between ego-orientation and prosocial behavior. Fourth, both peer task-involving and ego-involving motivational climate both positively mediated the relationship between ego-orientation and antisocial behavior. Conclusion: These results are expected to contribute to expanding peer motivational climate and moral behavior research to the field of lifestyle sports such as collegiate sports club by confirming the influence of achievement goal orientation and peer motivational climate for promoting prosocial behaviors and reducing antisocial behaviors in collegiate sports club.

Purpose: The purpose of present study was to examine the relations between bullying behaviors (i.e. bully and victim experience) and contesting orientations (i.e. the partnership and war orientations) of adolescent students in the physical education (PE). Methods: A sample of 227 middle and high school students responded to the surveys regarding the contesting orientation an bullying behaviors in the PE. Based on the collected data, we tested the validity, reliability, correlation, and regression. Results: The results showed that partnership orientation negatively predicted the victim experience of the bullying, whereas, the war orientation positively predicted the bully and victim experience of the bullying. In addition, high school students scored significantly higher on levels of perceived bully and victim experience than did middle school students. Moreover, high school students scored higher on the war orientation than did middle school students. Conclusion: Overall, results of the present study suggest that the contesting orientation of adolescent students is closely related to bullying behaviors in PE. The findings also suggests that partnership and war orientations are important variables to prevent/reduce the bully-victim experiences in PE.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a inventory and verify its validity by exploring the concept definition and constituent factors of a sports help seeking attitude. Methods: In order to collect the data of this study, 106 university athletes were collected through open questionnaires, classified topics, and categorized them to suit the research subject. In addition, to verify the internal validity of the sports help seeking attitude inventory, preliminary questions, descriptive statistics analysis, reliability analysis, and exploratory factor analysis were performed on 275 university athletes. In order to additionally verify the factor structure of the developed inventory and verify external validity confirmatory factor analysis, convergence validity, discrimination validity, and prediction validity were also performed on 151 university athletes from other places. Results: Firstly, four factors were found out from university athletes’ attitude for sports assistance which are trust on expert, stigma tolerance, assistance need, and openness to interpersonal relationships. Also, university athletes were found to experience the need for mental control with experts, the pessimistic views toward them as well as the need for help from sports psychological counselors, and the help experience of parents and leaders the most. Secondly, sports assistance attitude inventory were developed by preliminary question technical statistics analysis, reliability analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, 4 factors and 16 questions of sports assistance attitude inventory were developed in total. Thirdly, as a result of analyzing the external validity of the developed sports assistance attitude inventory, validity was found in convergent validity, and the predictive validity of discrimination was not found. Conclusion: Through this study it was found that university athletes have been in need of help. However, they haven’t been able to freely ask for help due to being stigmatized It is expected that using programs related to university athletes’ attitude for sports assistance and sports assistance inventory will improve university athletes’ attitude toward sports and contribute to comprehend their features in the future.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop and apply a virtual reality training program to improve the performance of archery and support psychological technology training. Methods: To explore changes in visual exploration strategies during the training interval and neurophysiological changes after program application, researcher analyzed using Functional near-infrared spectroscopy, virtual reality devices, eye movement tracking equipment, and simulation images. The experiment conducted a total of 8 simulation training sessions twice a week for 4 weeks, and it took about 20 to 30 minutes for each session. Repeated measurement ANOVA was conducted to find out the change in the HbO level of the prefrontal cortex and the difference in group, pre and post-test for Dorsolateral Profrontal Cortex (DLPFC). Post-analysis was conducted using Bonferonni corrections for the main effect and interaction in which significant differences were found. In virtual reality training (Section 1: Before the buzzer of the shot, Section 2: First shot, Section 3: Second shot, Section 4: Third shot, Section 5: Aiming section), descriptive statistics and t-test were conducted for pre-post comparison according to the group for data on the measurement of gaze behavior patterns for each section. Results: As a result of verifying the hemodynamic change of DLPFC, the oxygen saturation of the right DLPFC in the experimental group was found to maintain the level of the pre-test in the post-test, but the control group decreased in the post-test and oxygen saturation of the left DLPFC decreased in post-test than in pre-test in both groups. As a result of analyzing the gaze fixing time to confirm the effect of virtual reality (VR) simulation training, there was a difference in the pre and post-measurement of the experimental group and the control group(2, 3, 4, 5 sections), and only in 4 sections in the number of gaze movements. Conclusion: As a result of these studies, it is judged that stabilization and consistency of gaze processing of archers can be expected through repeated VR simulation training.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore athletes’ experiences of superstitious beliefs and to develop a scale that measures the belief of jinx. Methods: Therefore, in-depth interviews were conducted among nine national team athletes who are currently active, to explore the experiences of superstitious beliefs and open-ended data were collected from 78 college or higher leveled athletes. The surveying was conducted among 434 athletes who were affiliated in high school teams or were adult athletes. In this study, statistical verification procedures were conducted through construct validation, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency analysis, convergent validation and discriminant validation, the measurement invariance test, it was proved through cross validity. Results: As a result, two-factor(positive belief, negative belief), nine-question belief in jinx scale was developed. Conclusion: The belief in jinx scale developed in this study supplemented the limitations of the existing scales. Thus, it is possible to measure how much athletes believe in superstitious thoughts and behaviors such as jinx. Furthermore, it is understood that future studies can examine the relationships between belief in jinx and various psychological variables.

Purpose: Due to the seriousness of violence occurring in sport, efforts of institutional context and academic research on violence in sport have continued. However, compared to the interest in the actual situation of sport violence, the discussion on the definition and types of sport violence is insufficient. This study re-examined the meaning and structure of violence in sport, identifying research trends of sport violence, and tried to conceptualize psychological violence as a type of sport violence. Methods: In this study, literature and systematic review were applied, and consultation was received from an experts’ group. Results: Sport violence-related investigations were mainly dealt with in the category of interpersonal violence by focusing on the actual conditions of violence experienced by athletes in the field of sport. In the case of academic research, definitions that consider both interpersonal violence and collective aspects have been presented. However, there is a lack of researches that clearly approaches the definition of sport violence. Although the seriousness of the psychological effects of violence has been raised, there has been very little interest in the psychological aspects of sport violence in Korea. Also, there was a tendency that the psychological part was being discussed in the area of verbal violence. Conclusion: This study reconceptualized sport violence based on the WHO definition of violence. The IOC has independently dealt with psychological abuse in non-accidental violence, and based on this, we conceptualized psychological violence in sport. This study provides a broader perspective to understand violence in sports, and has implications in providing a framework for classifying psychological violence in sports as one major area.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning of exercise in the daily life of mothers of early children through a constructing grounded theory approach. Methods: The participants using purposeful sampling method to select mothers of children aged 0-6 in Seoul and Cheongju who practiced regular exercise for more than 6 months. In this process, the snowball sampling effect was shown, in which the number of samples increased in a chain through the network of participants. The final 115 data were collected, excluding insincere data out of a total of 127 questionnaire responses. Data analysis diagrammed the meaning of exercise of mothers based on each category extracted from the coding process according to the procedure of the constructing grounded theory method of Charmaz(2006). Results: First, the ‘exercise start trigger’ diagram of mothers of early children confirmed the structure in which the upper category of self-care was divided into sub-categories of physical and psychological care. Second, as a result of diagramming of mother’s ‘exercise continuation factors’, it was confirmed that each category collected by exercise environment construction, personal dimension, and exercise benefit had a sequential relationship with each other. Third, as a result of diagramming ‘the meaning of exercise’, it is acts as a means of taking care of ‘self’ by helping mothers with young children to improve their physical and mental health, which has a positive effect on children as well. A positive virtuous cycle structure was identified that leads to improvement of mental health and reinforcement of self-care behavior. Also, exercise was found to be the center of balance of life between ‘self’ and ‘parenting’ and the driving force of life. Conclusion: In summary, exercise plays a very important role in the daily life of parenting to improve the physical and mental health of mothers who are constantly exposed to childcare, but also plays a very important role in finding a balance in their lives. These results suggest that it is most important to establish an environment in which the main caregivers (including mothers) can take care of themselves, and that active support from the local community and policy is necessary to maintain self-care behaviors including exercise. Furthermore, it is a meaningful result that urges the need for a change in socio-cultural awareness of the somewhat biased gender role, which is recognized as the domain of only 'women' in the areas parenting and caring.